{"id":1034,"date":"2026-07-30T13:46:09","date_gmt":"2026-07-30T11:46:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/medievalsicily.org\/projects\/santa-maria-di-campogrosso\/project-results\/"},"modified":"2026-07-30T13:46:09","modified_gmt":"2026-07-30T11:46:09","slug":"project-results","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/medievalsicily.org\/en\/projects\/santa-maria-di-campogrosso\/project-results\/","title":{"rendered":"Project results"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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Santa Maria di Campogrosso<\/a> \u00b7 subpage<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Project results<\/h1>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n
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The project concerned the history of a local cult centre established in the early stages of the Norman conquest of Sicily \u2013 the Italo-Greek monastery of Santa Maria di Campogrosso.<\/p>\n

1. Over the course of three excavation seasons, an area of approximately 250 m\u00b2 was investigated to a depth of 1 to 2 metres, dealing mainly with layers of rubble or stone paving that were difficult to remove. This is one of the few regular excavations of a Sicilian archaeological site from the Norman period.<\/p>\n

2. As a result of the archaeological works, numerous previously unknown elements of the church’s architecture were discovered, allowing its form to be reconstructed in a manner different from that known from the existing literature. It draws on Western European architecture and does not display the Byzantine or Arab features that had been attributed to it. The discovered elements of the stone-built church’s architecture comprise three buttresses of the south wall, a pier supporting the chancel arch that forms a narrow passage along the church’s south wall, and a keystone together with a fragment of a vault rib in the southern part of the transept. The buttresses found by the south wall indicate the existence of a tower adjoining the church. The pier in the nave, by the south wall, allows our church to be classed among the so-called passage churches (Passagenkirchen), which occur in Western Europe as a compact chronological and territorial group, dated to the period from the second half of the 11th to the early 13th century.<\/p>\n

The position of the pier suggests that the tower could also have stood at the crossing of the transept and the nave. The discovery of towers, together with the high placement of the church’s few narrow window openings and the remains of walls surrounding the monastery grounds, confirms the assumption that the building had a defensive character. The information giving the monastery its Italo-Greek (Basilian) character was based on the testimony of early modern historians, chiefly Rocco Pirri (1630), who nevertheless described the monastery in the 17th century with the words: “ordinis, ut creditur, S. Basili”. 3. Analyses of strontium isotope content in the bones from burials in the monastery cemetery indicate the presence of newcomers from the continent as well as their descendants, already born on the island. This relatively rapid appearance of a population arriving from the north, together with the information from a document of 1134 concerning the creation of a monastic grangia on land extending almost to Palermo, confirms the colonising character of the first Latin settlement in this region. The artefactual material shows no signs of multiculturalism, apart from a fragment of a damaged stele with an Arabic inscription and bilingual coins of William I and II. Despite surface surveys and numerical terrain model analyses, no traces were found of the Arab settlement mentioned in 1179. The defensive character of the church’s architecture and its strategic location, in turn, point to difficult relations between the newcomers and the local population, which seems understandable given the armed conquest of the island and the growing economic exploitation of its inhabitants. 4. Inside the stone-built church, the remains of a post-built structure of timber-and-masonry construction were discovered, with a radiocarbon chronology falling in the second half of the 11th century, which can be interpreted as the oldest monastic church. This is the first construction of this type of a medieval church building discovered in Sicily and one of the few in Western Europe. Its discovery lends credibility to the accounts of Sicilian historians regarding the founding of the monastery at the end of the 11th century.<\/p>\n

5. In the nave of the church, a wall of a late-medieval building was also exposed, associated with the continuation of the defensive function. After the monastery’s fall at the end of the 13th century, this building served secular purposes, as confirmed by numerous finds of animal bones, vessels and various everyday objects. Written sources confirm the existence here of some kind of defensive point in the 14th and 15th centuries (castellum, fortellicium). Several dozen coins discovered in the infill of the church’s interior also date from this period. 6. Both the stratigraphic method and the radiocarbon dating of human skeletal remains from the churchyard cemetery and of lime mortar samples from the church walls, together with the analysis of the rich coin assemblage, made it possible to establish the chronology of the construction of the stone-built church as the second half of the 12th century, which undermines both the theses of early modern historians (Fazello, Pirri), who regarded the church as the work of the first Norman rulers of Sicily, and the theses of architectural historians (Schwarz, Guiotto, Di Stefano), who, on the basis of the form of the surviving walls, concluded that its chronology was considerably later, dating it to the 13th\u201314th centuries.<\/p>\n

7. 88 coins were discovered, constituting a valuable source for the history of Sicilian monetary circulation. They are all the more valuable because, among the medieval coins discovered so far in Sicily, only a few have been found in situ, in the course of regular excavations. The analysis of the coins proved helpful in establishing the chronology of the construction and use of the stone-built church in the period from the 12th to the 17th century.<\/p>\n

Some\u00a0of the discovered coins represent new types hitherto unknown in the specialist literature. This collection of finds became the basis for a master’s thesis defended at the University of Wroc\u0142aw.<\/p>\n

8. The cemetery by the south wall of the church was investigated, revealing around 40 burials. The skeletal remains found were used for the radiocarbon dating of the site. Analyses of strontium isotope content were also carried out. As a result, two groups of individuals buried here were identified: newcomers from outside and locals. The strontium isotope content in the bones of the group identified as local was consistent with that found in the animal bones discovered at the site. DNA analysis of the individual buried in grave no. 4 (a monumental stone structure) indicates their continental origin. The anthropological analysis of the discovered skeletons likewise supports their provenance from outside Sicily (Dr Rosaria di Salvo). 9. A substantial collection of archaeological ceramics was discovered, showing considerable diversity both chronologically and functionally. A typological analysis was carried out using the comparative method. The results of this work included, among other things, a bachelor’s thesis. Since the ceramics of the Norman period in Sicily are still poorly understood, the research was accompanied by numerous consultations with Sicilian researchers (Dr Lucia Arcifa, Dr Salvina Fiorilla), and the results of this work will undoubtedly be important for the further understanding of the ceramics of this period. Given that the ceramics here did not occur in regularly stratified occupation layers, which reduces their interpretative potential, and that the results of the strontium isotope analysis were of greater significance for achieving the project’s aims, the funds allocated for ceramic analyses were redirected to finance the isotope analyses. 10. A precise spatial model of the site and its surroundings was produced using drone photography and several hundred measurements taken with GPS-RTK equipment. 11. Thanks to two rounds of 3D laser scanning and several rounds of photogrammetric scanning, a 3D model of the surviving remains of the church was developed. This model was created annually in order to observe changes in the state of preservation of the walls. 12. Non-invasive surveys carried out using georadar, magnetic and electrical resistivity methods detected clear traces of the remains of the monastic buildings’ walls in the area south of the church. 13. A website, www.santamariadicampogrosso.com, was created, containing extensive information about the project and its results, including dedicated databases on the results of the excavation work. A dynamic electronic publication on the results of the research, made up of articles by researchers associated with the project, was also produced and posted on the same website. These are open articles, meaning that, during the course of the project and even after its completion, they may be modified and supplemented by the Authors as new archaeological facts or new results of archival research come to light. 14. The implementation of the project has had, and continues to have, a wide social reception. This is evidenced both by the publication of information on the internet on various portals worldwide (see the information in the report), radio and television broadcasts in Poland, Italy and Japan, and by the interest of the local population, expressed through logistical support, the organisation of storerooms, workrooms and a permanent exhibition in the local town hall. 15. A significant achievement of the project is the initiation of long-term, regular Polish archaeological research into the medieval period in Sicily, and the establishment of broad scholarly contacts with local researchers. One of the concrete results is an invitation to begin research at another site, the medieval castle of Castello dei Tre Cantoni in Scicli. AIMS ACHIEVED: The project’s leading aim was to investigate the problem of the formation of relations between different religious, ethnic and cultural groups in the area of the eastern periphery of Palermo in the period following the Norman conquest of Sicily. The basis of the work consisted of excavations supplemented by research in written sources. As a result of obtaining numerous material sources and after carrying out the necessary analyses, the hypothesis of a faster and more thorough course of Latinisation and Christianisation of this part of the island after the Norman conquest, than had been assumed in the existing literature, was considered probable. This is indicated by Western European cultural influences visible, among other things, in the architecture of the church, whose models may be sought in France, perhaps even directly in Normandy (Saint-C\u00e9neri-le-G\u00e9rei). In the period before the archaeological research carried out under this project, the church of Santa Maria di Campogrosso was reconstructed, in accordance with the prevailing paradigm, as a conglomerate of northern influences together with Byzantine and Arab influences. Among the finds from the site, however, there is a lack of clear elements of Byzantine or Arab culture (the exception being a fragment of stone bearing an Arabic inscription). Coins with bilingual, Latin and Arabic inscriptions (William I, William II) quickly give way to coins with Latin legends. The analysis of the ceramics from the site did not allow for the isolation of vessels from<\/p>\n

the Norman period that could be definitively linked to the Arab element. The difficulty of distinguishing the material remains of Arab culture from the Norman period in Sicily is, however, a fact well known to archaeologists dealing with this subject. Despite carrying out numerical terrain model analyses and repeated surface surveys, no remains were found of the Arab settlement of Ayn-Lien known from written sources, which is, among other things, a result of the very intensive development of the coastline in the modern period. The aim of locating and reading the structure of the monastic buildings was achieved thanks to non-invasive surveys. The discovered traces of wall remains, confirmed in archaeological test trenches, outline a plan for which an analogy is provided, for example, by one of the more thoroughly archaeologically investigated Benedictine monasteries in Tuscany, S. Michele alla Verruca.<\/p>\n

The discovered coins and ceramics also made it possible to achieve the aim of reconstructing the trade contacts of the 11th\u201313th-century monastery, and subsequently of the 14th\u201315th-century defensive castellum. Originally, therefore, we have local coins and ones arriving from the north (Champagne, Lucca); later these are only coins of local rulers, mainly Aragonese ones. So-called coarse-ware ceramics were produced in local workshops, while tableware ceramics came from workshops in Palermo and northern Italy (Pisa), and, in the late medieval and early modern periods, also from Spain (Valencia). It was also possible to confirm archaeologically the deliberate demolition of the monastery at the end of the 16th or the beginning of the 17th century, and the existence of towers in the southern part of the church and in the area of the monastic buildings. The planned isotope analyses of skeletal remains with regard to diet type (carbon, nitrogen) were considered less important from a research point of view compared with the strontium isotope analysis. The examination of the content of the latter made it possible to distinguish, among the individuals buried in the churchyard cemetery, a group of newcomers and one of local population (probably the generation of newcomers already born on the island). Combined with other data obtained during the excavations, this confirms the assumption that settlers from the continent appeared here soon after the Norman conquest and formed the economic hinterland of the monastery. This led to inevitable conflicts with the local population (presumably not only Arab). One of the more important aims, from the point of view of the research problem being pursued, was to establish the chronology of the stone-built church, which had until now remained a matter of debate. Thanks to the excavations, the analysis of the coin assemblage and the radiocarbon dating of skeletal remains from the cemetery and of mortar from the walls, it was possible to establish the chronology of the church’s construction as the second half of the 12th century. An older church of timber-and-masonry construction was also discovered, radiocarbon-dated to the end of the 11th century, which confirms the accounts of historians regarding the foundation of the monastery by the first Norman conquerors of Sicily from the House of Altavilla. RESULTS OBTAINED Task 1. Investigation of the archaeological site and its surroundings by non-invasive methods.<\/p>\n

Before the start of the excavations, a contour map of the site was produced using RTK GPS equipment. A series of aerial photographs was taken using a drone. Regular aerial documentation from 2015 onwards accompanied the excavations, made it possible to create base maps for geophysical surveys, and also served to continuously monitor the condition of the ruins. Electrical resistivity surveys were carried out within the church ruins and to the west and south of its walls. The inaccessibility of the terrain and dry soil conditions made the measurements difficult. The resulting dataset revealed several anomalies of relatively low resistivity, mainly in the southern sector. Areas of high resistivity (identified with the possible presence of stone structures) were recorded within the church walls and to the west and south of the building. Radar measurements were taken within the walls of the ruins and in the areas surrounding the building to the west and south. The results obtained indicate the existence of former architectural structures. No clear traces of such structures were found inside the church. This may result either from their actual absence or from the fact that the interior was filled with a substantial layer of stones (rubble). It is also possible that the geophysical response of the old walls does not differ from the geophysical response of the bedrock on which the church was built. Magnetic susceptibility measurements covered the area within and around the ruins, extending to the accessible part of the hillside. The recorded magnetic susceptibility values are relatively high, with areas of very high values occurring to the west and south of the church. This indicates that a considerable part of the site area was intensively used and transformed by human activity in the past. Surveys using various non-invasive methods \u2013 electrical resistivity, georadar and magnetometric \u2013 confirmed the presence of elongated layers of anomalies with a regular structure, highlighted to the west and south of the church, which provide useful clues for determining where the remains of the monastic buildings’ walls may be located. The non-invasive work made it possible to determine the extent of the site and the location of the monastic buildings, graves and architectural elements, and will constitute a source basis for reconstructing the former landscape.\u00a0Task 2. Documentation of the surviving and newly discovered architectural structure of the church and monastery. As part of the architectural documentation of the church remains, numerous plans and 3D models were produced. Both traditional drawing techniques and photography, photogrammetric scanning and laser scanning were used. Numerous architectural details were also recorded \u2013 for example, a catalogue of more than 100 masons’ marks was compiled, the typology of which can be used to determine the chronology of the church and the origin of the raw material and building technique. Three-dimensional documentation of the surviving and newly discovered architectural fabric of the church and monastery, as well as of the results of the excavations, was produced on an ongoing basis. Laser scanning was carried out using borrowed FARO Freestyle 3D scanners (artefacts, objects) and FARO Focus 3D scanners (architecture). The detailed documentation of stratigraphic sequences, as well as of grave features and skeletons, together with the scanning of artefacts, resulted not only from methodological considerations but also from practical ones, since the Polish team does not have the right to take artefacts abroad. The documentation of the church’s architectural structure made it possible to draw conclusions both about the origin of the ideas behind its form and building technique, and about its chronology (see above). Task 3. Investigation of the archaeological site by the excavation method. The excavations were intended to identify the changing functions of individual parts of the site over time. The layout of the trenches was determined both by the research questions and by the ownership arrangements of the land in question. Five zones for the location of trenches were distinguished, differing in stratigraphic sequence, the character of the fills and the finds recovered. The trenches inside the church were located in the nave and by the main entrance (western part), while others were aimed at investigating the transept-and-chancel part (eastern part). In the western part, layers associated with the building used for secular purposes in the 14th\u201316th centuries have survived. Numerous fragments of ceramics and objects associated with everyday life, as well as several dozen coins, were discovered here. Below these layers, the remains of the foundations of the 11th-century timber-and-masonry church building have survived. In the eastern part of the church, it was established that, during its demolition in the 17th century, the floors were dug out down to the bedrock and the stone vaults were then demolished. Finds from this part of the church are scarce, with the exception of the stone vault keystone, which is important for the reconstruction of the building’s former form. Two further groups of trenches were located by the south wall of the church, where 42 burials were discovered in the churchyard cemetery. In the western part of the cemetery there were graves of stone construction, containing burials of individuals already born in Sicily, as indicated by strontium isotope analysis. In the eastern part, by the apse and chancel, there were mainly burials of individuals who had come from outside this region. These were burials in earthen pits, without stone linings. A separate zone, differing in stratigraphic sequence, comprises the trenches in the area of the monastic buildings adjoining the cemetery to the south. The remains of a round tower of undetermined purpose were discovered here. In total, an area of approximately 250 square metres of the site was investigated to a depth of one to two metres. Over 24,000 ceramic fragments were discovered, of which about 19,000 were found inside the church. This indicates the intensive secular use of the building in the period from the 14th to the 16th century. The most valuable finds are 88 coins, a fragment of a gravestone (?) with an Arabic inscription, and the vault keystone. Task 4. Archival, library and museum research concerning the history of the site and the region. Alongside the excavations, research was conducted in libraries and archives as well as in the storerooms of archaeological museums. In this respect, assistance was provided by Sicilian researchers cooperating with the Polish team, including Prof. V, Zoric, Dr Monica Chiovaro, Dr Valeria Brunazzi, Dr Salvatore Brancato and others. A study was produced on the settlement changes in the region in the light of archaeological research (Dr Stefano Vassallo). A further result will be an exhibition devoted to the monastery of Santa Maria di Campogrosso, together with an accompanying catalogue. Owing to the pandemic, the organisation of the exhibition was postponed to the end of 2021. Task 5. Multidisciplinary analyses of sources obtained through non-invasive and invasive research. During the research, the number of individual specialist analyses was changed in agreement with the Institute’s Directorate. In order to accommodate the funding of a larger number of other analyses, the isotope studies related to diet and the physico-chemical analyses of ceramics were abandoned. This resulted from a change in priorities after the first excavation season. It was established that one of the most important problems to be resolved was the question of the chronology of the building under investigation, and hence considerably more C-14 dating was carried out, both of mortar and of human skeletal remains. The same aim, of determining the chronology of the site, was to be served by the analysis of the coins, which, owing to the impossibility of taking such artefacts abroad, had to be carried out on site. In this case, it mainly involved specialist cleaning and conservation. Since permission was obtained to take several dozen bone samples, it was decided to carry out strontium isotope content\u00a0analyses at the same time. This type of isotope was chosen because the most important problem, from the point of view of the project’s aim, was to answer the question of the origin of the people buried in the churchyard cemetery. To determine the isotopic baseline, samples of animal bones were also analysed. Of the several dozen human bone samples examined, almost half came from individuals born outside Sicily. They were buried in the eastern part of the cemetery. The strontium content in the bones of individuals buried in the western part of the cemetery indicated their local origin. The basic aim was achieved, namely the identification of the population that had arrived in Sicily, while also confirming the assumption that the first church building was constructed during the lifetime of this generation. Task 6. Processing of the research results, with dissemination in electronic and printed form. During the excavations and the finalisation of the project, a database dedicated to the site under study was created. It contains all information on the research results in textual and graphic form. This database operates on the website www.santamariadicampogrosso.com. The design of the website and the database was carried out by an IT specialist. General information about the project and the excavations is available to all users (basic data). Detailed information on the discovered facts and archaeological artefacts is available upon entering a password. It will be published once the project is finally completed, following agreement with the Heritage Conservation Office in Palermo. The publicly available data is presented in Polish, Italian and English. Making the information available is necessary in view of the expectations of the local community and its significance for future Polish-Sicilian scholarly cooperation in this field. Electronic publications related to the project are also posted on this website. In accordance with the intention of the project’s author, these are open publications, that is, content modified as the excavations or archival research progress. Their various versions over time are stored in the website’s archive. Once additional funding is obtained, a collective work on the site will be published, containing the latest versions of the articles. The research results have been presented at numerous conferences, including international ones, in lectures given at Polish and Italian universities, and in the mass media. The publication that contains information on the project number and funding source is the article in the journal Radiocarbon, while the other publications listed below do not contain such information (due to an oversight at the editorial stage). Papers presented at conferences (see report) are awaiting publication. CONTRIBUTION TO EXISTING KNOWLEDGE (IMPACT ON THE DISCIPLINE) 1. Every excavation of Sicilian sites from the Norman period that provides new material sources set within documented stratigraphic sequences with an absolute chronology established by physico-chemical methods is valuable, enriching a still meagre database. The results of the research at the monastery of Santa Maria di Campogrosso have also contributed to the verification of information contained in written sources. 2. The site at Altavilla Milicia is one of the few investigated sites of the Norman period, including the only more extensively investigated cemetery in Sicily of this chronology. 3. The establishment of the chronology of the stone-built church, the discovery of the first 11th-century church of timber-and-masonry construction in Sicily and southern Italy, the remains of a Basilian monastery, a substantial coin assemblage, and the other achievements of the project mentioned above constitute a significant novelty at this stage of archaeological research into the Norman period in Sicily. 4. Besides achieving the aforementioned scholarly aims, the planned research served to introduce Polish students (more than 50 people) to the culture of medieval Sicily and to promote Polish scholarship. These are the first regular excavations by Polish medieval archaeologists in this area. 5. The research conducted at Altavilla Milicia by the Polish team has significant social importance and enjoys considerable interest. The local authorities have declared their assistance in organising a museum and an exhibition, whose opening was planned for 2021. The project has also resulted in the publications listed below, which do not contain information on the project’s funding sources, with the exception of item no. 3, which is available on the project’s website. 1. Stefano Vassallo, S\u0142awomir Mo\u017adzioch, S. Maria di Campogrosso: centro spirituale ed economico dai tempi della conquista normanna, Incontri. La Sicilia e l\u2019altrove, 24, s. 29-36 2. S\u0142awomir Mo\u017adzioch, Santa Maria di Campogrosso \u2013 zapomniany o\u015brodek kultu z czas\u00f3w norma\u0144skiego podboju Sycylii (w:) Cum gratia et amicitia. Studia z dziej\u00f3w osadnictwa dedykowane Pani Profesor Marcie M\u0142ynarskiej-Kaletynowej z okazji 65-lecia dzia\u0142alno\u015bci naukowej, s. 409-424, wyd. IAiE PAN 3. Zbi\u00f3r artyku\u0142\u00f3w: Santa Maria di Campogrosso (w:) Medievalia Mediterranea, t. 1 \u2013 zamieszczony na stronie internetowej projektu, 2021 \u2013 publikacja drukiem (po uzyskaniu finansowania)<\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n

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\u2190 Powr\u00f3t do Santa Maria di Campogrosso<\/a><\/p>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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